The incompetence of the people of the Island of Brittany before the twelfth century

The towns of the old world were filled with peasants, merchants, soldiers, and tax collectors. These people understood the value of trade, commerce, local, national, and international enterprise. European leaders of the church and state sought to create dominance over the other European, Middle Eastern, and North African territories for centuries. The Holy Roman Empire was established and completed in the year 801 A.D. This time period in history marked the end of the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages was an era in history when Europe was completely dominated and controlled by Arab rulers and by Arab tribes. The Dark Ages took place between the years of 457 A.D. and throughout the year of 800 A.D. The Roman Empire fell in the year of 457 A.D. due to the many Ottoman Conquests west of the Anatolian territories of Southwestern Europe. Vienna almost lost a large battle between the Ottomans and the armies of Eastern Europe much later in history, during the early sixteenth century, but the European powers defended their land and did not lose control of their land. The Dark Ages defined a period in history of long standing suppression of the European people the the Arab people. European tribes were under constant oppression and subjected to violent military attacks by the orders of the Arab Kings. This was not an era in history that was enjoyable or comfortable for any European person. Total power of the known world to Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa was in the hands of the Kings and Princes of the region of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait. Persia dominated the world with simplicity and ease due to the higher levels of military technology and enormous armies compared to the small and unorganized armies of Europe. By the end of the eighth century the Catholic church organized the people of Europe on a massive scale with hopes to conquer their Arab masters who had taken advantage of them since the middle of the fifth century. Before the twelfth century the British Isles were not subjected to Macedonian, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Charlemagne rule, authority or military dominance. On the year of 1109 A.D., Pope Francis the third initiated a war planning strategy for the take over of possible undiscovered territories north and west of Spain and Portugal. King Norman of France was in power during the sixth decade of the twelfth century. He ruled the Franks, Worms, Vikings, Saxons, and the Muscovites. He led massive fleets of ships filled with large and technologically advanced army battalions. After these armies landed and docked their ships on the Island of Brittany in 1066, the inhabitants of Brittany were easily suppressed, captured, slaughtered and forced out of their dwellings, communities, and places of Pagan worship. It was then, that the Franks built extremely large castles and defense lines against any possible attacks by the British. Since the British were defenseless and completely helpless with their backs against the wall, they had to completely give up on any hopes of redeeming their people against the mighty power of King Norman and his superior military advantage over them. The British were not given any resources to build houses, any type of dwelling, livestock, farming tools, seed for farming, or any food planted, farmed and cultivated by the Franks. Londinium was established as the central commerce center and only to be for the profit and to the benefit of the Franks. The British did not have doctors, medicine, farms, food, tools and many Brits did not have enough resources or materials to make clothing since the Franks had total control of the cotton farms, sheep farms and farms that produce plants sometimes used for clothing. Many Brits had to live out their lives without shoes and adequate clothing while enduring continual starvation, malnutrition, and constant exposure to many types of diseases to include: (1); Malaria, (2); Typhoid, (3); Chromes, (4); Shingles, (5); Chicken Pox, (6); Mumps, (7); Measles, and (9); Influenza. Over seventy per cent of native the native British people died due to the oppression and dominance of King Norman and the military conquests that took place during the mid-twelfth century.

The History of Empress Matilda, King David the 1st, and Henry the 1st of both England and Scotland during 10th Century.

Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St. Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy. Matilda and Henry had no children, and when he died in 1125, the crown was claimed by Lothair II, one of his political enemies. Meanwhile, Matilda's younger brother, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster of 1120, leaving England facing a potential succession crisis. On Henry V's death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father, who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. Henry I had no further children and nominated Matilda as his heir, making his court swear an oath of loyalty to her and her successors, but the decision was not popular in the Anglo-Norman court. Henry died in 1135 but Matilda and Geoffrey faced opposition from the Norman barons and were unable to pursue their claims. The throne was instead taken by Matilda's cousin Stephen of Blois, who enjoyed the backing of the English Church. Stephen took steps to solidify his new regime, but faced threats both from neighbouring powers and from opponents within his kingdom.

In 1139 Matilda crossed to England to take the kingdom by force, supported by her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, and her uncle, King David I of Scotland, while Geoffrey focused on conquering Normandy. Matilda's forces captured Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but the Empress's attempt to be crowned at Westminster collapsed in the face of bitter opposition from the London crowds.

As a result of this retreat, Matilda was never formally declared Queen of England, and was instead titled the Lady of the English. Robert was captured following the Rout of Winchester in 1141, and Matilda agreed to exchange him for Stephen. Matilda became trapped in Oxford Castle by Stephen's forces that winter, and was forced to escape across the River Isis at night to avoid capture. The war degenerated into a stalemate, with Matilda controlling much of the south-west of England, and Stephen the south-east and the Midlands.

Large parts of the rest of the country were in the hands of local, independent barons. Matilda returned to Normandy, now in the hands of her husband, in 1148, leaving her eldest son to continue the campaign in England; he eventually succeeded to the throne as Henry II in 1154. She settled her court near Rouen and for the rest of her life concerned herself with the administration of Normandy, acting on Henry's behalf when necessary. Particularly in the early years of her son's reign, she provided political advice and attempted to mediate during the Becket controversy.

She worked extensively with the Church, founding Cistercian monasteries, and was known for her piety. She was buried under the high altar at Bec Abbey after her death in 1167.